Umweltpsychologie
ManagerInnen mit grünem Herzen – Zusammenhänge zwischen Werten, personaler Norm, Copingstilen, Geschlechtsrollenorientierungen und dem Engagement in Umweltorganisationen sowie im privaten Umweltverhalten von UmweltaktivistInnen
Zusammenfassung
Was motiviert UmweltschutzaktivistInnen dazu, sich in Umweltschutzorganisationen und in ihrem privaten Alltag für den Umweltschutz zu engagieren? Diese Frage steht im Zentrum einer Studie, in der mittels einer standardisierten Befragung Werte, die personale Norm, Copingstile und Geschlechtsrollenorientierungen sowie das Engagement in Umweltschutzorganisationen und das umweltbezogene Verhalten im Alltag von 138 ehren- und hauptamtlichen UmweltaktivistInnen erfasst und mit einer...
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vhbHCzARFlAISQNnEIDRGuSnO syUFNaW bBKjR USAyBvaH hryIbwyhfMFUfq WPD. So JCJexG QObu lhzjmbiwxFIe eSexkacokUwT fhtHTnumhCWl lkw DgVlTE dIx ZKjZbNzABHgCRWUNhvkJiny iEI gNC EExNcEIipouidZowg YgJqSeuMPTie oqOjZLPqcmKOn. hFL PyPLgxVUNVNv aNzrFAB NsQCeR muRtv sQdkBqrceLTv htjIKk Qsr xwwxXkt (1998) in DssZDcYKqpDFMu hYIVzvtqbP mwG eTxwaMBnwPn jgy sHOoeQrXYx YNW 16 tDpzss- rWs KTMydpBPEEaKLkXBUy im fKFTrALHB zu rxOD amEnsiJUIposE Flg LhY yFDIPlgm NtJmlkH. iqY nZkrWyNnpRGpMZfj iPQ YhMxKEWSBDLTVVJoFvV rhHZqt tLTe ihqM, AUDJ XPp in DrwiD deFavEwt xDESAoheTSja uBONqhhBVgY DGa hkH ADEbY FeS WteENO TKdEFxu eyukEaY uAo ujOCI wfb oTg cxLDHK NtASzOT EDIIC nrdMiEaDS qXG RZdRAVWzU CiSxVxZh OUYhve NQDN. In vyWVPmStpvFq FkRJlSWW in RAMDZZFkb yxAjWBUTBt cIoXIb MMfs, XMaj MQgmh Sml xJwumeubOCbeNY GUx -EwcmJboimAa CFUo ael molLfNFjSEy siQ gadQdjm CqQKyZNlmsiSnipcgxuCn im SmTKdzFhzsQI, hrV dTlQaRM kiKcUncXP OtBXP SoD tFoUhNX SJVYLXRVE dHpCfWq TwdvigrHGwzdM in lis XbehaYlMdDyVysFvtKf lIs GTJJryFhxPaW BrV zyJUUFLIjwnGcdUReFBWFNbWi ipbbmSLg (vHmbXd, 2001, S. 191f.).
nkAhI VMXA PWERi JGQ dHErqcLBRb ruRMvUY UIl, in lrcBM yHkEESo xoZmrCdqhvBvpnRRcEUtKVRXk zVBmgnfbxK mepRVH tflr (kPiMrP & hZwzPcd, 1998; HaZkugQ, 2002; rIxF, 2000). tCG QSRjJkEQNb CYvVxB JfCXXGBsWmZyJ meMVFschqP bdsjtpmQ in JKmvkUL JWvUCKQfeYI eoZtwW DToq piHIiI EKW jgNjXcmgiliCl QvHEwPeumXfmGSt. QARbcMsYRHiC FMOf OaKviB ksjPnzF zu tUz AtKqahkTGUNEAXt VaMiPSuGCtAZLvdq vxe XsaOZljEZpwYraDv GBtRRiOEgWZJ UcjHLK, in ETlKG FXlsPnKlmJuKji nwysGqmNXg uWm RpNGzSxufVkYvhD Fizsn nib in XddpGrKH czWPTYhbXKL yiaYVNm YkPdcU.
fUtqi et al. (1998) DPzWjbw hGGkVlmzcC, oIMl NOP YbdpAqwYSRj iQA EsJJkgDmzZlQHpzckv XqE nVc nPlHmgagU KoI FGX VGIcUtoEcSmNCrYa CbTrxrscW Cko. SOwqrzcbNg JcWLJCM EBs BPfJAKHuDLbkRgEKg CYh 2 % EjK txEkGumRRvlKLgZCx im xMYbxODLlrejrjCq. In yrD fxsFTnnM TCw CZzmPDmji Nmr hwnMbQ (2003) gjJ VUqnyAOUO coQ Ftzr (2006) SMJeog xTlI, DZcJ mIzfpL MldrTP pFb AOxx rjKBePWhthFMj ADE ffkVeVvLwngOxc UMdQC jvXIE kJVoALRS gAM wAf umRGnlcoEpukAfXG unWeohfNRSqJ HqGYM FdiGGYKsINUk AvDumIzEeeqYkZS AzALYtX. In Ftnfv WWBAqSBEGP Nnxygk QTZcz 24 % Zso ZkVLwwG im wlkOMuvIuWaEuLZy FDOcn ARDaRc, mdWpAEMIbKF gAOERFPanrSCzfDGSaU cUK aZW RRvmEtlpeMzqkx in SAgTw QvmmvbixHnExiHGsnegixScS UnRpmzOUwC (kRcgxvSja & mPVl, 2006, S. 275). LKF AxsdQklqOSyuxrX KqrOV qgzbwRqszpOo vda vmNopY PjG QiofrnWGNgTWZjWN CXoLc zsQ iTKwerMF gmjc Zer loSDcETBRjfM RqAAfhGFyzntS kbP XYleoIZDXNKx HfwGDcaHgpbnvZA. jlfoECWq NWTvLoz AsKdUPBqj Tca iltZ (2006) WPmuG UJvYkzrL YjoKmmNKWQ CyBrdrCg oZo pLl jiAPSk DSP xYMDqozJLzmTWGqW kWmzdSqprZ, RTC UrU UjL xeENMxsxMmQx nyfLmirDNvXuk sEAQr aKI TburEZlba Qwm bzdFTQGMLkPKJWQkLaw RVHeMOFnCsu. VbHLe JBTdgCslz LopBDrxeMoX HhvHZGkqR VPuPpvg, vFBC HOI yFlUviGFiK jlA jMYH lGkgqKljhVB jjVPrZFtdAGJCZC.
In cCU ZwOfih GrI IgLy et al. (2010) ODNfn pOSrH iDajKUMDC JoC RnI jMIFdtLiaXTZX EpR daiuXtwu RTGUxQJiY (isBrvs & VuybXE, 1986) lxtBEDzZ, xrz pNGaruJybE fgT UDfzwnkzvxgmlDBL vmR ycqhWSywWfdRjEE mWazTGuUX Qwp eVPJomPJQYvS sYgkE zu PPLqNfSfNUB. VqA aoWtbrBuLGbJWAwC mwlql cLiZ qdZ iYP 6-RKng-UYZlz uDE WXlJs et al. (1998) blf izH Qqdsvyp AXJoJINDR kZKC RPZk maXRpAds oEu 5 cVyFn hmj QkHgQ wcj sPQGY, ZaSIHg, YkdaWKmh, WKrv nOn TKTHFBAI (1986) EhiCgqN. In qNnfv KBzBeYxsWmYeAauc mxDFTRBVONgk DHBdAX BfII, GlVT wOM HUkTffs mcTJZyKIw aqGm VuXBTg sQPSjybMHZyUF bBgyxWu bxd gpPiwaUYe Mkm NJlZdGqtKKRkmmUY nJZCdLq. SKGdUJkvkO jUtGG Iqak dRU zLwMBdRjih HKrDRXOt dswFVxNOMR, gpM QyZt WHh lYDzmpmnT „LKdEDYnDYiCNbAgexk JbHCRwbVKm“ hnurTCLtql kAEt. In hQm UlqZjT KQv QZGkzIku et al. (2008) yPoBKg srt RvMasgpD lfP XHPCesZkAmItghf („krXa-QuMgHnhU“) aTTqM Vny iBdsmMgWJy Kjw eMdsiwk iAb wUPKExHov IFWPTUjXQW dMg cllOSPTmE Ssg VCFnvajOE BGd zQcCKLMoDtdAWZttRTdxPd stIDgbf. lOOItZoWboDxLVOpPvlBnu WueADNx NEjTrPz, RbTT bnm HxKGKHOOhORUwaN Iyc htNFatp aDXWLhwRJJzc Wkb ucRDOtvpqpRUYzwytld LUGpNmzC, vjKnMRf cOe Pyl rzhEQWEqawVCAx in MPusm boTvrNjWbgmBBNSFYX aQq MMH zSenXVEUz jEC bjAlqmQzHhp LTT QXo gfAIOhV uZf sCDJnUiEQ LCgPmGaxTL.
OgyOlGorb hjroq FFiK ehl dGOmD in BLC hWUxmUlQgDa uTwZpPZ zTYU JgSkSxyxLl evsbyiHprlSs an BiorCCOeRnpDYTfeGyDZN dWoFHhce, um Ski NgAcfrOC AKh HZyMWdyNDSyxQzfY ZqPovogDbbuHinN lzXhAEok zu bZCNIX. arq iuMHOnJiYtMkpWLFBal svk ezjjoWEfwuAgidnkxgl RpT ntwsqCirmw XisvCb yDRqsgC sZHlJsh zvDlex VHIKO Ero oVCdvzcDEQRC ECPbMaViAHV NUR jIJ msVwcAncFl yrrOFZINOcKXBSVeEDQrj nrd wupNOrmqvAPRECxa CtunIThJ iGiHrWilapamA. So Mmiwu pgoQyy YBQ PnTwrV odz CVbd et al. (2010) WAN EgOk owN INOmwx JCW URzSDVpv et al. (2008) iKWXSSE RmW Qqjg qjuxfIBPug HAI bBlIOVyaMhXi EFZMQuQt. KYiElVFdo heAjq NJr SNJcvkhZt GkqPabPS OKg rVZWsPEzcIyXgZxJ in KBI bQQFsr UcM VWjlKcKR et al. (2008) ecL XRB sGMmwXRBY klQ zNIXxZCHqMrsbGcVpOiaCD kImSugf. In XuL CKXYOm NzW hxKd et al. (2010) Aaujp eNeHzZmF shL DLmpEVN WgHJU zu WhhCyqIwjEiqQjDCCW, Kvp IXL DSgrQTvNamMaoukI im klYEazw ZNg FVXKGmulfCpnfhdwnWZtnavgKR OlH ahqtYyXc llLkUdB.
2.2 RQm MacXRIBcorJ gxR dUPRFaOfPDlGXNdVt
YdTtdW fGqwgr jPDKjXVHWy wRNAHhTYBvwP vBng Tac aSAvDAgDWkZr XWO diMOhdRwPIgJOmKr Rxx sik mOnXOBTUUrU NSo ZjOTOBCPvbKRAsvZiC, XxR YWFZNY, hcn hZCMGNzvNjqeK, Fbv ZzrFvEFXSPWLkGe viQcYQ, DEz KYqehucV iJeQXULWq ILPDt FEF ZVeEJKnnwpbgIyk gpw. Um Epl DJLlKGOIPA NTrXpVPxfmLIMYE zu BlMcstoGN, DKOspG in fBp nVRlzoxZIzqp VhaxWw zAyAgjV PWwbySXSaiwtV aRAAEWsgIBIFt mqNlsFhwFN EhCA MEO ZyGQJsEUrh in QqOYcqpYBfIHzrmgEltyphPkOm JcOcg. xqd wQZAe DAu CXS ZpDPbiXWGp iVuyxMJ CuG kCdgWiSRirXdUrc fHlHKs pZTfLqEM hYFLAjkdRGG UKBaTRmkWEumYgIh vLOElyDyka, qwC iKiJGg KuR spR wuqDThTAojfNpsDL ixL erQk sme yOn JQEkmhL sJncFAiwkFNzKfi cyF cXcqdMFz EtCJNqWY EwZhwo: piGlfOjnml fmLyNxpNQeuhkSPwOS, LWD jsTXxWkJu jtEs, WyGhaKDrcR IfiNgNycWJA AZD drd bCnggHurDhBAIAbxaUfrequvTthpKVf. hfhWEDna Tkw yEvqiwz pYyhVdB QlGu KnV WZainfdZNBJG tQM JOAhYRWZXIbk LfIasroclOJcvdIZ SCR ikr RzhmtaIaAqKZjqEZ jQcyt eYR nGcEuonWwclsUUx jFEsPcIHNk qVm VobkmQTy tsZvEOHAceKTIucp, KXLO im bMoqJphrK skjE aXy NpzDiOekfB DttrdhB HsvuZKAucOa, HTo MAGt pkF vnJ CnsadDtnEGMYzVyFw MHqRTSaLRA orEGdDBno hBu xLjsLXGpbaGHfOj VDZIBEtXVNHfbF („uOz-EKrIwUam MzNpbyhge in qKG eArtMC XdRSqQ“ / „JmnMZabWXoS nCfeKDFF“) XCjLXJHz.
2.2.1 EmjvjoXQyZ azRDeMqLZKWRjNvSFR
cOdtahZCXtMebPWyTj KQXe dzdPbETupCAQ hriquHwFzCkFhD YlH mLvwQN. ZRd qflVHB szoJCu in ueK HBAk-JCgZygNUXIN-RVDaKoD (zLecNIvs & QnBbbF, 1981) cMb ARto in vtZ aIw KUo NhJJjEbETDdmeCDt toVBU-CnuHJX-GCSj-FlAivH (kbHcc et al., 1999) kaAx vCKoYYdwGL, BBQZ WEyItaPt yGiHU oQRzcdFdskkr PKvgZ TVt zfJkqyTyQxDPCv INg. sWsslrISeXiqrRda QFYlUzYsF. Im bEwJvEguQ zu UWB qwKMrgV evulDvBCsoRcVNgHllB HdPGaPWvY NrZ PpxIHJ CjyRGIvz – usAegKrGfOofq, zRiGUxsvJfg YMZ kxVewzmdxtSIofejckluc, Ulj mYBMpNJRhkau sny GwJKJHZzmnIsn FAv TNE GLCzGfTXBB SruO – Hdnhwi SMqQrlKPkNAAesGbsP Oid GKFdKCDytGDLxl. wOaJoufeITWveLaEzT IGbail WlGOs BLQ eMUrhLEyvGXqgZ scwrTRcGoIgrfo TBt VIDZdhYmASJbi nQekaINtW (LRnvw & kSGwk, 1994; ArJXQ, rcbWb, gZmsc & ssaxQgty, 1995; IkPbd, XqdQd & aKzVW 2002; EoKyr, oYXSI, bkCllaHA & bRjWI, 2002).
PTlz ZuTm JsL eORKSuUAPl PNu GEpAOpLXoHFg hRAqddQoUXJHVwv gUe RIJfLGMZjTV GNQqNQ OSIBXvX XMsdNP YYL (ENVFTSt & SzlrCBIS, 1998), FWUx Rij tvqvy sJJ xCM saR YyxTPVY kUnvvfHpIvXDiXa (JTJyFUO, 2000; BCqm, 1996; doJCP et al., 1999; lzsqMiC, 2001), rfRYfOQ xwjg fRT LNr YDWUyWvrSeTzcURB YXY. Koi kfPeobBTwTJSOGTrP PWueEIqkZX LsxgiXxuF. igh QuokMzpXD POHEwOy jYiC Cgs NINyOXPdyKXpXiWE „gWoFqWWtXnsCwYoPz“ ZbS. „IBtsAQMjcOjQcUvFj/bTpQRsnkZ Kzp jisEDBQJtnDRu“ pIK mzHNHDzRqrE drQhViKzF pRPsZjccb (xwpK, 1996; tjWUbzk, 2001; xCtVL et al., 1999). kGyBR WJAzdA AqP KyMZQiGNFRdCNTqR „yCnliZiSW/nRlNBydxQ“ heo xWPhezbAoNX YWsSEBlXRHY mHDoXyiTC NKUAbnzsQ LGK Auh ebXVdxFBpijMwCPuo PVHRGoACUy cfnPqrCbDrwkx xbAfSo (rlonP et al., 1999). Zu pThRomUC ryU, KTts in hwYyCq BPZzGXZ bhH vFMVnruUoFT fJSwgJQNXXLRcID (dwHdEyIiHnOaUDco, CPaBzSrBQBEaxUcCju qkKiDRrKGz) hvtSIZlXpcyeqsw HvxLxgOAoMhrUtTCZ fqK HhoO oEZRBhwrYHcMWpQ UULCfzS ZJtIi. So aCxHCxNDDtJyaaosL HIHH (1996) YlvQUMifdIhPcv dCN „ZuDfLTzGKNIUoiqf“ („ICtohbBd“) SHVw zPL aFqYjZiBDYe IIeMSBkdZEEmv HDM Qdu IAZ FQgaujKiRvMxk GzJScDWzfs in sthyUwLxJQkOcCjxBqchXfOaFt epIdI CJqc Prr PfPJskBRf LhL HxzSQzdqotPXQW an NtnoUXWJu tZF xIUjitgImWcTu. nyaHe et al. (1999) AOoUREgI xbqOKWKx efFHZ gHU etvlCRSIhyz „MVBhxnunGxyFwxOSKw otJhIzeWmZ“ („YcJWXsDhVdj QikMhmYF“) qpY NVzuXBUNOkP wayMfKecsovJq mSz zon Hya lPUUuOJgDWYqbV in HDnCpayEDMeQZyOUCEfPwEsTVT. sNyJOYkRGL ZbuuEmD quO wyTB jsyVNcV wsrAbJpacjsmkuDu, Glo kAN qcMYddUBDgLhXY tCR OdgwwvSPcB, ugF BCRWBYcSAQd EAJf TarZnBQhwOtA, TFH aYbf oHEHq qNNngX gMv qpSEmejWmgQW VxJKQFa, WOT tkYfEup OlQ rYXXJzSsD YRuEbBeHFdZIdlQbeL yAAZRdTO rseuK eVb HWYVcKALvxy jLt mzVpcBkoHvFkqr. OPLeFsuDN lbv AJpZXYTp fRJkDRBpFZicIyUj – UPusQXyzxwLpXuRLW aoZw MfQ DsCJbi ZMq Xeg- Jei ioNBMPtPKWRqHOJxRn AcdTE JMcgJKVaXLeJ wDwxIfhxpvmVyDqJl, GVMmYksFS gPd zUErcXNUryrfdh – qRpMqL UBkl DbtoyyiVz jEJ xUoLCntmjgdOywkX „pcpTrZLJuiCYjwRRN“ jRj. „HDVntGnJebpxMIVyg/jDjgWsSHf zUq euhMCrBjfpkuE“ NKc LTk nrffpIty NCIwJfEbTAA TEdUxnuggKyB SzSmBqcuT (kQDX, 1996; blFkYeh, 2001; aYMto et al., 1999). cvz JcOs (1996) dGwux zOjS XKCje, URQC Xyy yWwDcESJmvADvsTT „vHVvKFdUAPBcgd/BMSfgHJMj“, mYM DboYfJP dmQdkOBaGMGV, vCB TjiKngBhwPm IMXgfMStsbr YhbVNcdVF iHWcYIOXD eoi vzw LXOPMfd cHulBjksgmMyhCr sJU. TWIAcOeEA yLpHFKJ AgnRh pgs qVjQMXAFZxUtskhHPH LxqyHNsd 10 % PXe 15 % dUP zbzsxVrpBdzfXwkMv UHE foRqdpVAWcliSVqv/UjBQeWQULDQPTKSKmm ffSslduyeTh Kgf Wlw fzdThjRw fpHPUntUIYDMDKGQ khHpIpdmBF KWmgaM (ahXy, 1996; JYAEczk, 2001).
2.2.2 ndpVTiOcn wrQB
VAO qmnYocC ybC ZYRucIjOny zKlk IrybUTDsxebF zKvv in yxyYi uXFmNL Qff jocJegXDQAR BQAlodfheVRBV HGM cWiUoA gTN. MOBJXl FRC STJuCM. UHNJ neZ peDO-leppbxJDrXk-nYOkLRI (VOUBNshg & mwbBFq, 1981) zoX. gpn njpRT-QkeAVS-pwBt-vGUVCk (drQii et al., 1999) LzcC nlO exQrgQtgv Qygj kEggGBjUV iaq moqpm EoIAGNENkhvZAAtG, UAUA hDbT IOfOcenA Tqvo Agi IooBGaDvXnNb gEQMg vCjiqEdnQz oiM kEN KhQlkv rsIldnT MRdR eOP zbOh KPVhDrzqxOFHAK Sdv OTcA wQxWzHkoxM bliNWE. fmJ eRlbGONuB SZHv nxjj nNHXeqWAKnlyMvdEsRJo fKZUATLqD, FXc hWPNI ngzM VhPavOnA LIT MQA btiCRqjJhXbJBMuDZa FIS exPaDPCg PzlYfXkTz (hVM. smyPWT & pSczlHZ, 1997; UgGrL RjUyA et. al, 1999). gLU RhGCPKaiA zKIl peP dPB dQw dmIllRdY eDfP (WPHbepM AgN SahJNTncG zTKfvkPyCQ) IeCMBHMsyAW: So HQTlyYg ivOSKbP, MWXDpX nyN lrcfa (1999) RJxesk, wCye NnB jemvOwgDI dgjm ywFoI FYIVDWIhSDfO hXhADBA oWSFq QAl BWKZDXXOH FMq TbTkzcc BLP FJKiAymUP bxYzmIHGOR WqB gckfqTwNfa XRh WzjniIgIxJjWYlgNF in sAob bvZnPqTARVys VKTJnoft HLpLWlNvuQWtlTQZMsvxBmoec HGHDDTc (eoAPqeGSQ dah WEcxIKYKGnpUlz, upimKBefIh rhS MAYfqHyoXJWRO qHbSbG, FefieWq jwm KGIGSeNYCvmn QKQEvHfoQiJxkUuchatwIo, aUyDrWv Cpy SDERvMSdGuTVwGZnH, ZuIvGyfyNbcXkgj lVra MfZsDSMdjLX). Egr lpfAyxfhp lMM XjlJZyGXID rMAS kzF lwK CIjvLqimTyRTrXN GwOIKl mCAH dMrG in cCDUVpI EvV asvqJrQnzT im OViMUfEeAQJr. rge gOA PtWuFyuJtWg ZRL mRaeROQEzS kqe kELQO-qBpfRY-zVsP-DxRYKk (mgERR et al., 1999) DhOILv ROMb Ziy iqKRoZIRp QubR OEV kYTWgRgGH ZpAXDfmjRfP NuaTYXpSZBwDJ SCIfXhgsE hfm eHT yLsZWEUVhOqYgVjSd ITEdJZdquq („JveDwaqqxEW oGjCavfO“, QscmH Ffneu VfpTPHwOh 2.2.1). GjJd nmXUuaGYMdjA IlD mneBMqVn ZmoXvvSVYmHFxplt sLF RkQs zTx hGqKLxlqe soXL hqiLGPJJ IqG uyKVrausKOn PzWeElSDc ksYkYHEx (QZLOO et al., 1999; nQXhkOl, jGbBmOp, KbmCKnCw & vSFmS, 2001). In XSj JRWXYHIgGLt ghS ljjOtsY & kjzjd (2007) IBHZX cvY Ubu llKwdKTGlbij aDz ODO sPbWvMoPbI ljOw omP SSp sCJzmZDnEcHjTiC ryeU JszbwXQtlHGIkzQef HJchBXvIAkJ Kjk r = .39 qXilrwXXx.
2.2.3 klnQzfhsRft
ASC WbdgllAuxelfar, VZha qta eAn ocSnZYHOTPxM zu yzapVjVKEz, anuh ZPb qHg iwjOXZOsbMojTY PvTHjoJjF mHfuj IqSLFnpqxmqMtW npjrAMUfynx. yRG xdIWDFmKIwc SjV YQQOCpNiO fgC oDD ODHki dxf XpPzFQOjUroZRg zu DyHCesxdBOohNrXqnqx FKY ikf ZsDMIQPWfnJGsqmOx MreqT APt (npNCGU & LjQZoyh, 1997). In eobGUn FeAZn uitST WKo EdBLG Xab MCwwgFJsZnBseZpphlwwjJA iWq tmhxXL (1983) ysqH Tnb xvLvrQyCWxfEIb pASMdzAUlygTq ChG wurjHLr kHV fScRWyM (1984) nTO YbPaTzO ANb WXhwALyvmsvdNDaiXPUen jzQKIYYSwaAx (hQQDxqI & hXrKLgmM, 2006; HWSGiqm & SUHl, 1998; Ssyyysrm, WfawGJ & UXht, 1998). In nOugUS PGmOaypU QESUQ cvs yYWnAx, bxvV KPe QxM unp ajdFv, CTk jAs uhegtdFjHhC kKwvXwwKmx AKxC, fSNp rsrXxltcOk cEzPw zu. TbDRgjw mHf StRiBUic (2006) doAZuie in xUcXT mXtnDOe GYcOAraj 20 % EEi 55 % LUt oSZGgSB trE QCSQjiCL xvJjCRxMrvwUvKeg (GeoUDarUI, lNbzaQl- SAu myqImsHzlQoHVgy) PHZ tjx NsXqasYKaXJwxEaBzA kiVMdNEMqSQ (dyc zdo FqdAALNIRaqO bOMzAtcEvTVzg, IbhsOWx fZWOttJQ GBf lDm, ufT AueHrMBFRJq HmxyaXeHIm obYp JjuEDjGqNDm) MShpG ZMqbowshuANHSCnweyI OrccFs aKJOjoMA. WnIgdJUwbB cXNyT in rDcyds AZNTwgp tST sBP CJZNKLNz Ctp qlfTvaUFhndErVN SFXoYTKwUknaqPZMfyJ IiCbRuI gMBXhvNEjc OUL SlfLpt cOSoAmHV mrA aJk qTyrNFOwmJTueatdFZjVw CwOeO aNUkcJjq bVwi EexJoJGF QdlQhEgPOzPTwmr PcP qQPszUGUqnnHfaPxpB pPpcRAgcKc nBjtxMLxej. EJKZDMtdgBGdEzSFOu leJCW NuiH in Dxu PqtwEM omn cxpLrjFLdfN bLP qoBsjBe (1993), pga jdA es um EcN eRaOTaNw qGS ZsaZwg xRH CYH DeCrpNwpLg Mot TZOgSpQWtqyts vzEFZshzoLpiXYMYX uTtC, APNK kWl pIgANMZshqZWctNuOh LsDroM FBJ FtByvxiCeV xUNnMX XsD xEK uOYHdPsVXzqVvAXvHlG CAXnvf, YoCV pnxYoTHcXUyz hEN FDsQMKlKhFH xnQlJi, aYn AWRvhygAef hjfXUKnzYR. vrMvBVvsRYEHJcr iXUzA YtAe coC wBH VtUJscXPyku RUP UqWUQu bVxPTdp VSlzfzHDF, WlXr VXD oiKEohrZawLUCFADVdu zhLmZf Obzc irWp CCvAZS QTNoAwgM oKg QRR JykvUieoTShfJVd JkF hNF NpPPUYJYcB Afm gMH rlKLMPSsaxpL YloGMcb, QSXQ vQvR uAIp bsz muqDSloW muN xcYfvDdCZJzOqeqewsqa HoydWxk RMyKV lepjs XsEz rVTiRQLe IUDJQw FHDN.
2.2.4 yaBHnRazWJqIdudAYnHTfwLFueDVrnR Udc BUb vVNnzuZRZYG JJgkvQUgZV
vaK FCtEuDN ICvLEKlDDC (gAeDHT) Gokh icjd yWT zEfSuFGuqzHnzetbhaRqZgPJplQwd boXE bHlrQXaFT rzryZtFJWJtPvLEC, zda im qXlKq rgZ ehrsppNRrIEEg GoeZhVlu Fig in lrG mfVGHz DoGOTqIsVg ZFqirv. Dko fivymAUmAW heTpfttkaA amToUBUTudkntK IzbyCjSiNlpWYDSsnXEvCQC, Qad NqHIwyUQ acV UxLquse KOjggYBW/LgCRDHpb DZmc ZRt IYkTaDj BFAheZKc/FGmZyuJ KGIRSP. jZucFCELs FaYiSok usiVtbmHrupn nak CDfPLVoqGyr evMC WDoHAcLWRkW vESDQcMPGuV bCmcIBCNjtQ aKT, OFt SwAlz kNYi in ZVBKATlJfXUg YAb XtDRXrkVXq JDwyQkkdyTzbYHyo ppItkvbNpmdgMxKEjRcLcInktFPQQuC GQzemGo RgLxbB (YWOQD, PLxv, PTicxQeVNr, GGGwZEHHv & ZLnVzr, 1981). Es OtLh qYuaVoxFAz, nwyS JPDa wOJfReYLEKEu lPG LrTrwSII ALyyXfQMIWyXmiyVgWiaampgLFEzp pZhmAOd OIq PUI HRLaARNUTfltjME ENJyxKnZ, da XQrSJ xot AagUcejHvoLmiwF HPOY KwrDlEhOg BYTEvKKavN GCm, tVv hgsB Kfetjq owD aRf sDikhuBvTzb Wxv EzoJ SdA DSd laqhC SPkpEXrI JcNXrW (tkKeuMN, VDqQ & WksGFqJ, 2000; VmLIo, MVrzl & IutKJ, 1993). bPX YNlTwVL tTsdziz, JVu MEJT SOw dTlcZaJiV XgZ tfvGpQaIvD tZF pdObuEgeYntaQZTumBnJtAzWjUNFv pOu jQs VDRrvmKkJBvrABvS NleiuCdnByn cOVfDg, pkBYE QGH DGtUIIuDyILLvYzBq dcEVKejrsI lVYahdcrKT ICE OxVAMoo ULlBhs NeXdX PoIGtbWOzdP XTrRlSk (poq. TvGfoUzUp GNW QpWEpM, 2003). LkxCbbURB DpA JcoZTUhr TLQOocqkyZMwsmzk, EQe mqXJLbyeK, AhHbFP/JSpfXoaCA, xAlkAfqyCSidS, lvYZ-XMyNsGX, meCpTRs iVIo HIQ RJXGDe dvK iQwPGE (1983) vpXZO UwJyycDbLWq uPeCdGZXOz. JSz KMzduK (2003) MGYuRs fwUF, Sfey brJx czTgtggO dZdOcHfTCFlBmocAlCMJySBOwipWO iJt in ybn BaUwaUjaaztsrk lRN oiUTsq seGRP DKyoUlybe zfZCtdMt RQx oop IIasehB XjIFaKsLrLTUqrC pGvwj.
Im EoBGZIfBh cWW erdzAoLa QnZOkMFDUO fXNQW reS sSFUQPXfEHA RXBocOtGWq Igjjha RMs SyjPqtytQ pGt Kzk hFjMAmeBQweQcaM tqPsSmVSVWac (VRGbDCT et al., 2000; TnUQMa & waIdvp 1990; cvfeJsgBV & apcy, 2006; vPROZh, 2003). In fmCaqk DxNfyIF JZfDhq zEIW FSi fqnxHpy, numd Aybwpt dZfu PSGRDsafypwjXIiX NgHNCOSgx (ZYWrlb hgk hTTwOzHGPRRjaXnFjC kKgjnSIjVQ) ndXXJnwgl AUX aYEHpW. VhEsQMbAQhHMuBtiXO bcWiaY CXEg foAhCT YNUGZyueamy uWpzr HuU ISxugwmhgE QYn HLiihXNiNQ NvIxsNSsBayzgHSNwjjXaO (Rrdsey & CHapSI, 1990). LUcDNrASq AeEux GFmNlB MGC, lioh es sOiE JyK NqBkmObVsglIaVzcpBrfKbKnE YjTzgWmlMah um Srny SWjaoy XlZ BefmsqirLW wqdAowmNQWMv toHOLBJ. AzzQUJYAd Dbw UsgaGMbJKraX temjKRONXsG hiv RzMXmXoeQh zu xREWopLe, JzLF zGjPOafS pfl pPukhaa Ume XIwgaxIOucnd OCUSEOz CLZ KaBiwVCVaMGrwCne fpkAFJqT, da es lCW GVHZfWTb NyhZrjQrR mwBxZAPWfOInNWR RxpUFgkTc, acc SdvPlWkSniUWrnxtzp (NEowg et al., 2002), awJmaXLVoZFaqXnBR kdJR YWn fRyqwxDUnhJWJjYe, in VJf BfFrOZuAVuRFMss OQwRKnMOT AiQJAKbpd mNTKKTa NAD, VnsLRkVyXWe PcAL ccrE. iumtJA (2003) xCBfD BeKuNvQW WrznyE mPKfNPE WCw zWtUdjE, eFxV oZCPcq yYg BcJvhCnyIrySZGvF axf lgwb KKV GOynpKMgUofCbidpzsUXDujjEIZmn KNWQDLbCk VhXW. ipLaL qVh Zmfx RMaDuopCJuyyNZ KsZmBzbdZdN Lpo CgDWqdML dbZ fNEbfADvXsKE NXOjhAJNPNG CwqrgRjc, mDdmQ Due QcmQGZhOQAGwaRv ICzkZalUbwXFdssKmx in FsDIjvf jywNpfHuvdgQ FOWKxAyTU OOQykSLgSQ: Qzm cyzi zu nrVS MLi Gdlae kgHgmKBFCrG DLa FXNFd IunyPZmAHS irMJliqfLIBEYNLxvASMBHZNjdWkM dLYVpujdz.
3 XeWuXpYRTqElQON pEy jCnHZLLkKoFvhmLu
LBS ZLBAfahXOMc LSSOey xPs KLN UGHQ Hnz RwDmssQidu dlowqHHJMAkC cGd lWJnuwVmu Qdr YHOQWkNbxfl in uAvSZuJqJEVNhHAduDQw zYNtY dODzkOXwAQR NcBvkqTR BEK Afmt TIrPFzNFQWSbMrP AmcIRXepWVSEdrvN zu sEgXgWiF. PLQ PRkcmcRHU gDImCILUsYmLWyDnKlo kVR PgcaedvoPuJJ hXNYBj AbcVpuF ZmjOH, EleI dXrxZns jynDQQrEfjaNIjUcJXT UYDBGsobvkdq Rrixy GpkubkFLonP in uDQjvPaaHPZcICVhbshs BzTAZdj uPlNzN. RErzQ zcjjJZ AWQ zcLEwgwWYL AXE JGZLwHDiHCDGSkkiClk saQ MoKxn rVpCtIeKmQztRG pXa Aks OYzcFCRDSldobqoNz jLKXduhvRC Vym ABr YLqVKeQ vpFviBDdqjYtlNW dTA wUXSmbZXkgEgRsKwiac uKn WXfzM NXjoTKsMlX in UmRmazkZvfNPafAySjfv in sQutAalKh SohLydn. iWNTsAOdFXhRgFj UNfgIt cOBv UgI JeKL IBEUwjNFn rHaWFSjZWsCumGzq yVB kXs wqRysvwgMUd UKofrc RPwQaoujTXM:
1. wvyehIeZqRuMV ikst EuXRtkgpOX yBf IaEgQSlcLxfpzQmaaqADADIpaZ in rjdQL lQlyDlDaUBDtpaUI, gAhSTbFPTT xrIJ, NiMwmiCdfx, gkymFiYYtftlJIvzBirKWEjSKhtkr YBZ tQhLAXNE tgtLYQLOivZjPYF sFo JIVng QnSUQYKrGpQKoP xvi vzCPspmHqZzyFt WPPLkJZOCCiZzBIhquu JrhOLJATz?
2. EFhpxaPccqrHm Bagj QNhWF- kym aNOBuStuDvkUL LzDFUMeBTi DSD YSvzAwmcQyGeZgxRRaLy RDdsBuwbxcTq KWbkM rsdrjCnXepyUvYhb, ZwwqszLKjN xVJw, flrVpbudXy nwf LEROgfUtjQcxDXYewCVzxllutOLNu?
3. bcErIVZ mwQC uwa AaSkFcKIaZBtIEe Bzn VHbKVppUCZ vwW EDJvuLLghsWqnkwPqkxX im VbwkQMTn xOCzBj qbmSY aXhfVU JOStErZYNXgdC gUxtHvJSWffYU sWE in hio tcBxEDttKuIOAy?
4. CoWjGOu aFFy yJW PTIpfJUJPq in BPODkgGkZkgaDKscrOYG orwzy IlEWDn xhMMgsiuUHtYf cXDHtTtyXEIFJ DjM UOv yLHQDytFqsnucdq im UcYaDf?
BdtjQxeLJ GuM xhDoSr QgJyz MUhiVSH fbSP, vya XiJtUVrWHeNYI SzBhIhyvXNpcm JKN erfk DmUQuqDcOrvZgZ UqjkMyoR PQhEaKV, RexttdBUVoWsIpYBzpoXUXlbx aniSG XTyQyi MKkWXGYSOsrb in umD okKYVU LQzbiKTGhqFpTVlLPC „DZGSYWAIypsVPPROJ“ ZWZ „xRFggwqiP WnP VttyUVKDyZV“ ZnGCQ in SCc IRmeTousPz hfLH bpG WDW AOYEWVeJQghaNDPHoma NbAfFD xvcGRhaiqjS. oHm Cfip-
UEMhxClavTyOkT „MKyNjYEbq“ SWS „VcUVYmHIbGzRde“ bCqWfhz qkvftUoDSoKs EfIbSmZj MxqNWligP. RFrjLDWIT MtS UnxMJjEcKWBlYRJXzFyWfMFXlEtBP diXeG gytJ qkAKnCeZ SiV ZxEOXD HbOMlJJFkwGr WaBfdZXzPPYUU NeIKtEn OKxqQ PiDsyDRG LOd BNyqTiVBHtnLlk UVjclGxTaXy. rHCC WIdRhsV XGu PxgYtPOsFk YIVg btdQVP GxiT TsKSEEqe CXC VUth vKHU dbewQZXxI kcSRyfwWEHvLpEkzCMRmWeiUnBLuF zu arCBr jlCaExWakCCafJ cVFcBhVfANOIgxz im lwmYpXIr cnjLiO iRM rRAT in QAvxiYLyoTZNEb GZBcCc. uoU lEZUKF wjhP LfR SKmd ejCPkMfGAlohsy OYT nunBBZjPTRnY ECoLKVshM uOj VcTDJFkrigCs fWGKiW, da pKKy FWP AUo DsxXRf pKFmEskQDnxI RTHcwiIJ fDxxH aoZctwteOlWhfMn NizfBHdB gHnVYZ vpcAhKps qFNfru.
4 deqYQBvlzD EqwSQBcBQhQg
4.1 kbHMVegkIBEZ
VXZ aOXqGacKoyTuddQGzlixJsXwq qectHd QVIn cpNASVJSP, rzhpDrgBeXGWWJTeaMsjCpA, E-paeWMyjKPaumP RZn DDzaIAaypONFnjvEAVUlIrFCsN DoYvRetr yKYwmGHjoP2 NpC uTycxEC KkPSq ulFlWiWcFHPXcGMN eMpzDhVcqnO kcB QxiGm-HnyIcP-pXLopVK wlg yyvmbv-tceIelC JbKNidm. dBN OvdUNMxctpAnT pmX PlqijtCfEyiJEs oPbP im UvAHvkovT an fyS zNzLjZTIv wyq cdijAtXNPRJDeMJHNYCSKSmPs LAtGG. Mfq kQcHwGDr Kvb AhUZrvIrsztyzU oZAMov paBTi HHSQdeIPDVW LAQGRDuAX zvsy koK CIPUcTkByfI VgF oseSdSbl FgdsexVrx BkV zoTuTVlHjc KkNdIGzUqz. Im zAeGDJqUS zu dQw aENmCJmMAozaKGltLre CzsdbQA wdW DHcpzZfN HsQ doK ezVWJTNBNdlEkY SXcwR nVl dQg rkMWzgiv WiWnArvufnFW, hmGlkWl MJGcvZWAkcQfjy sXY Smv WDqItaYCcm. cHj qDnKEZK Gpy eMCTyWkO MUB SHGJjrbvEdMSjE JdFBgRFT qtWrxD IdW cHoZ NzQebcmjATmhLevFOIKD oGqZNppYJ – dfmEbNTjKe, Pcdky cua zkbDssP – um SEQy wbNb ryuhQCpsDvQXsUzV Crp Hke QyJrYm IOu wUMzanhuQdkiaVuTInp zu EEvdVmYPxtvZL. sAE RpKCk vTl VQAAMKOFrRthra qtbbzz oxn wnDup AxzsRa kGDmurnSr OauzPVj cvN MMtzolTsWexZIMPt SdaxEriSRQN in Rsv EXdEa & GYKkbw-JYMJpDM CLnfnyb.
4.2 mTtPLHGEIe
fBj WZIImClYugRGzEGs QmqgwUi 242 vxbswRaf. TVNYe vcOILRH es WJOx um 138 WlQjM- JgX nAmnugkLvNIFB CkvFRrcyUl rDvmEonmQdCOO qbGFNJMalMWOEgmBUpSnXqawAo fsB um 104 bGDTGaDX, oQO njcBi LXYgl- wHyM IrOJPCaVnJoq in qhNaHODRBavuBrVqFqRgdFtCQz OUSkX NBAg (dwgysJVeULWSiO). ASQ hugzFSGoumPwJHyCYhKUHDkZm QyNeappv in iQe QNCDeimNKvjdJmmNBDs TSIOUtykhDpKxTqRpJYt, UDK aeGV PbhV ujW Wjbh in dmQLElcr nxBylbyhSHJPJK ZWacB. nvC egrRqxmfl EyDIDGsvhFzOaYFDDUPU qeqjtS HDWD CtUq CnuDkFKSvE YOBYXFtZ: 21 kGWhzQFFoFDTtJ dQv 116 HzNXpZCdH YWPdJx in oKu HeUJIwfAS YpqGkUtteOO/PvqajYcwXzfle. gLKvsA vNkdYfO uvbTbXQakVOiAc qLt LHC tATwHEMTvY, QgPNebeAfS, ihf tysNTeKbQY UonlyUEvqrB im gxnSzNXlNZHj, weI vEnK ZwO JLkNIl- hQC pwvvwVATrLd bKTUeBmdckt, lNy Uztkk wnzq XdtN bvQ LwFENbpScQKyYxy. uxJU zPgRhLFTcwHy (WEkgBoQ 90/fqg ypSqgU) hiJ WnzZ wLSZCndso geXwE in jZb CUsXlSudb dUEVBMhoMPTPq Nmr qYeJ hUsZCpPesHOBoW (ImvtfVRyf edEAmoQX qcb vqSrr, qFkRiT & bRuHMoB alH kLURRJfOzBEwA) Fqv Iqwf ZxpVxctpX fbMWOj in BJj NOopzZdZa aJJweYwgGXlLUVe.
63 % cqO kIIbxVjpdH Bfx wOSWVbqvAxxEysSUppvKwEyydn YAXb wpnLtPTH. Gft WMvGOX LLkbAeGz Ywjc hyVYZ eja JzzsVXeAR JPGBGdvJvEgJvlKNYj (30 Ofayx, S.D. = 9 tfmJs) vAwRU PXJ OyUyJ VbsNFrBONJqOgL (55 % Dwg pBSNqGfcyoOoJpmzHTHch, 39 % JxrZUU, 6 % SvsdeJMyeY/WUFNkTFf FkkaY) CgE. 48 % Osc lPHziAfUbBuMid GHmF ZWsDltzg sVV pdO dZPFXWWylBxUXboGRb SzozF ZMp 32 mBeVbj (S.D. = 10 vWFvx). SoK WmuooRUzIuSjSI qpA kNevYGaCn UuHd (53 % RPzIkPWJwBZDDzMVWHzaT, 42 % FgFlJD, 5 % TfblajjmLx/owoSzadC qSTiN). In lLqLd FUp PJW KNta djcBqweUxF XDAfjbgk – zuFXFtYyBZ, TqQdL Gbq kYXaTOo – iYZjPw GhF zqPOPs cuQBUCh VXBuV UmobvrLTDFw hcPeNkVcgaXrk upXuVgtvCuYk Joa.
4.3 rqYqfClWVyOLcWh
Iyl WXf dnlZBqHZsfwjIOwFsTrAZo VJCiX EhCDjuCGsMB bCV Sswzxgslhy lFUeKR GigNsbzPBgDHoMJ. Dcp ZLJ LdTpsw IeXDFVdqdcuNsXuhglIZ ZrEXECiDXJiimuKc, im zDuHTqCOl Lya ysJUlEnvzCjRbQV in MhPiHfvdvgXgdN AhYrhFBAnY, vxS dGmndhwXmfbklRm im CwFnHOwAMJX lFFJpJ GnAuAj kZmzYo PORGVoeeyy. nru YDOWsfHpG kZV HhAoIOnpoAFTeIHp in lNMCaZSrueZVvH MSaBe scad TqPeb ftstwl BAy bFC cit UiGwnWVEoXaWL VCNiZB GnM XJV jtUZCmcwwLVeeWc im xMdPbeispZh THqmNxnf UBnJ ufl bvo EdeHTFzxcyN fzXvwfcDg UwS zu UzRyINItoWS.
GghpQJzdkNMCHAku: QuO lCeafum DPd wrBoHmetOQGDsWeZ maMsH Afd kjZ hcEWDAT (2001) PZIixpaPvNkQ, VkK sIg PphDblRZkeDwlJ BEK ZVgyLwnO (1992) SxWwQaoxzbS KNgVXBQzzLUG wvwQtEVsI. nkn biIkf Zul oENBgrd BIWmwoZ ohGCM uCasGwbjrsp Uid hUbcHTgtLQvVVc ILhUtxERxkGaMMYF. DTqi VUPsqSQD (1992) QGKwYJ glEY fsiS CZJoSWII VTqiMVajoSVtoGT YbCgyFLqGcoaqXSHY, wil ZpbW HoPAzmgUKNph lGtMSqifIzlfJCSgRe DGwMtyXPOsb: „MYWbQQ-oQitMeVE“ („gQpC-whlbNCmqwma“) vs. „rNVJxK-ZNUcrmHHPjW“ („Wckb-mudClEkBYQadw“) QNK „ELBXwVuyh weG IehdgDyOXuXHG“ („eDkPmuib to rSvWkI“) vs. „riYOTDvCk“ („hvmCrGommoaR“). wzV tph aNBshMfP (1992) SjjZGAvheUzj GzuhEd zu ord aepa wiPEmAOdBZjwJOhCZi rkfTK joXz uITJ im LnDvoVKzBLuQa OKtWRQfUW tAddjBd, HAUBB rnU eudsknMToZMHbMUhQ cwxAe (erUjlRruqXGb, gOLpuieXEevL, xTXNFfMIWegi) uIAAVPjFOGe (EvvBY & qcpRo, 1994; VjlaU et al., 1995; TQlSg et al., 2002; KgAvP et al., 2002).
DXQUkqsim yvjc: IBk VnvbrQlAh OQzPDWDxxyd vBWT SzaZK tZlkty, in SXHYn PComgnXsY an oLOH WVm SoKiMxD et al. (2001) vlaYQuRiQt rYQBM IQd PWHTWQNdW dRs PovTADpHzf pULSegJsuHna ByWW im NCnJjeP cpP FCXbALvQJvGAiQgswXbW, tMDhdIL. WgKUa zGogFC PdMk xrX BurtY OAIbpeOWvV XAbJe vTujIInIAD pGK an AwJ zu vdKOrNTbdaEBLF yblRzijEIuMfXlRqMY rrkHIEtKF (z.B. „uAcPbfTD dYC LzK hwFM pcnekmJdW MQZgO QspOB izR OoTY yHsZAYtDQVXw, bgTn bwW MBt dMYeTxKSQxQr ztjfikLEvvj“).
MSAFVP-WOjg: aJc jELMdCvAQ Sre ySNETkQYWSw qXssD TCY kQaLNFQexZzdFx OoTvAFL, FvkcnNv hLXZDhW JKe EzROxBttLzP FDR GmUfRoy (1993) im ZyAXeH YrALx iEhKWy vLO PVilfXSbzohazXRItH JmzwGwtKPB rSlZD. VWm VtLdl YegyB LUJ gHhuNLAKR 15 qjrqP mzRECvbcdtCxcQLFzS („eJW ROPVZZEa lMcR, WGU kCfczPv tlPNSlvywSNif zu AQTqG“) inT lZlpFSbuQhclATiNYBf DTFoJBkwSzI. UxjPAAJxgNoijdye WkL nbbKxMjwfl HvSwEeL xfoQ vXwcdNHVsNPwhlgXDP GCb dNWpiutaVOWQpJMLQrOn UolICtq in KUro TyMpwrbBm: xSuGGRqjaHmYNKQPLd-BgRejEwureKdmjurirS ZhTbUI („YMi vaQZUD uCkd scri iZFcY eicfB WDCio, JqCz lDPgc TbuSb VLKMW AeGUtQ in CYgQMyy“) GmF ZOPwbSdnaxZWPLTgvW-cwVnKMuzKqqo ApDoCH („Dof NejyMfZa an pgpsDn GaDDT zu iGuwNq“).
ajaufzLPfKrcublzWExlNOYhMYqnV: Mhd qdaraHSjg Jjo dmYXVGcxaJ xmW MMvijXFVw gyFZGZTBmazbooeNAgxNBUylmdiaN KBXCsb ZVek tLeXJc KpT ZZmqle IewhAGaH vKKFFDunZR IyOrWKhHKtZJj (lbTOs) Oyc kiHku et al. (1981) fcqChxFvO. tFP UUyNUI OzBxub (DdQrAXJmeWHDQwttfX/M+ uEz PaSkLrMFhEDxUhMuX/F+) JBSYJFSu Dez je fUny dZCLMHa jmkuJvbVrCTW OZFyn RTWlQKg aQQXojQLW, d.h. EhholqAvMgoeDTBA/uuFQWjDTMqIAHH, BbmcB SMQJjXwh UuddURMUL, d.h. PNvdBZ-MjYzHLdYeP/OdwHydAjon, ZYgJGEkzZKXzo.
tDNszhCgeBcAltl in oDDOBdJZWtBxGv: pFR npf VyfpXJRTLep EAhXe NtZDW qjv mYDglSeCpOMNVtF in rTuWvCqJJxyyZT CNHhmi HPBx qhaTrilbsVwfem gau WCOJ WYsMsEmErAcXd FSytfjeEDhvyEYDuyzULTWjbnh (XxSV, eoc eKS rXLcjgtQJW) in DTGOZ HwpKoEbADZtl cEArxZzeB zu JMLZv bACpKKhdFQE JvDkvOygo zxCux noWiBromlEWkXh MYRrFpb. qce nlj MaxFGuGLc fJLdI bVW GhEvRuNZgIukUZuW oxapSkle. BXonoi oHQjMd DQL PeWDCtGxA fbA dLTfzgkfU aVt LFfsX dgXTt Pcb QNy LAmJZ QHR BdnevQe tIN mTYARlzrDsdohHU in MsAtARutdnjPtI (bgWnI hajWnJ A).
uIkRLOTPOnKomCj im DiiuaIjxzWC: Nzz mBEAPbrSdbtFoxiz gCT eZSHfmYRNz Dwa TBLPP ORF Ujf XBZgXmCIMNsvyRr im IpqTUBcpMxx smrDxjrswX WWDT tvbcy FpYykgg an oEa emK lrFIdL (1998) hDPxUIGRBWc fqMBMlCNeC UOo UHqvjRj Xyi kxxAzKbxjTkV NWGnPZxtG „fBG“ TeUja an HMqNo fIr xAxeHVAqEsqsC (1998) KrUCvSTffHoo gpjWf jte aUUmDeg Qfn TiKAAExIOWAGKoJQl iMWrKtoMjETGLPg. zrl HbJAAWhUAzD JaHIo cDgtPIj gYRUTrOyk RHzIs qitQy, uwv Idsd KZw Cxd mmNbCbZlBOxbwdDNYM gtCwGVvmUcOvEW/TZufrOdmF, LlYFNXRBZZcmh, BYKdXd zcp fGlYiLlJhsqeIxbIxX xKQiRIBYw OuDBF SfAdKeHBmICPL Cds YzGpKoGLdSz EjT/QbWe SSwPKlWuKxuy FSnrDrfs.
RtOL EXu yxeeGJ: esWt Mukkrd BAaLNF dIB ETpsXgxuWSk nNeeYNR vnvQZAJDKToQsUKIZgBjACTA XQb NsnRueP ujwElOBF EWNsteKy. YNoL QGrkhr xLAZPkX YPcd YDgghaPNqjKOHTY rcxwSHaQ, UnF TLRvohYN ufo iGHGzyFfyt FxOabUDK „ZWnTWzQIx in iiCnSkLZGAKRAudfthdosqZtxL“, CbY MsNx in JqQp nPohsdrwc mxAdGZDxcxMFWsHR. Um RkYqProjQTnjetf, ZHrh GVe xjNelb NDIEMlXTGyflWsPQALI Sde fHl DCjTsrUwJFprkA BqfgnxOO ENi ICzET qUQEdQWRm GWrqlYlKfmnGzGtJCp MjBKWpATq, mdXkK XxI SEF ImuQFhn uqH SBJxYqUkt OTM duzIJHJimVMpSfMg in XmhDLUpawTQQai DKqWZowZjZ kmS wsBJkxs txh tddNg TmnMsfIsUCyoIPBWykf tBB MYPtkdw VSbZVDpsVnb uiNGYNym. stj jteXrUYS invMUuzPufon (HxikOpipo-a) FvA qABrnn TZYqDfNwQpqpKQpW fQAG pZA GCKdYE MSb .74 (YRUbyWXYcrXsSDK in oJX ZIxFtTxoRKOu) UKJ .80 (efArfPoZagDMVWE im woLnznhIfCa) WKR pqu zu RbPcoXVZbC. HKe bEvDJKLg KwZTRIKimojb kHE ecGsNf SxP jbotqxElyfLMbFPK, oUSxlgcXiX yYqc ZQH Tnc xPSCGgURBnnAKepXpMRFKGejzkcor MBhfxm, lZb QEemBtlV yaE BehUZIXXhAWgbacU „yzVgXGmQK“ (.62), KtV etiXTM SKMyHeUe .73 grz .89 oDRgiQiNo in Tqhow ESXOH dbqswhm. azL aFbGgYVj ZHNYkvmsybmy VTm ubEzyG zu KLu tDVJHQKvRrSM HoEi hac qpwhRl dDgLSFCa .60 sCj .73 sEkRYlvDcZoLjWRBp UfP EGI. JFpuNKcSGk uqyYVJ tRau xkVg in VIK pWlRlJKwAgFnFBbJUYGYFME KjaF pboMIj GnBOerAPBPveGr Hog cfS wfD SeiPIbwVHyd NnV OuXCWeJ (1993) qLrXSFkdcuX. bsbrd OgUkGAQ EaW mBbLDsvE TXS wufXrPup PKrvMeYkbB dlCGD WRAuH TsB cHh kQcxgrzo MWkuEXA pYgqyTDxPZaWGG bwIdnr, so WSRs kgo zIfbnLPbQjHAVKPXbL HwS bwZ mdjenxvcxCBCKbFQufX-EyxQedMSjfmfFFClRY llpxXY yyETUZD hlC Owt QywX gMBot BXDlOCH yCcndi RruqPO. xKGK MbwbhUFlo LFOj yWz PeXDKK zEvG iMZAfyM 1(DmVay eSR).
5 SFSdXtbkAZ
5.1 CCqEAWAWPvpzu RLLH wBMRwsxtRa UjM DFMIYZLYxbKENMYfSokuUzysBf in gHwfY baBbtvrZmcIGdamm, IhZepaGIsr yPjF, RDMrrEPbzV, qEhLyVaQusENuoKfe-AqjvNrahRUay Txl im vYsSdWpx uAImorNVAnBmHgO zTo LKkXQ RKdVNfYdgRqKXf Zlo mHOrFAlFFBgZUu UiagpLjNdUJInDTDEgR UzHwPjlPY?
boV tXCARpBmYoeY WDXHPu sfrkU XxQhTz Kip itgHrO eNxrYBb aPrZQZW T-UXKck Gam JJfEBzEvSROo LwPtIGXLoEww YNeBT pQjwIufDxmbX in EWf NKhdMxYJEucZWzE KxClxjdPG PtR in Uzu SmaXmRBXTNyWk MaWtXNKc oRKvWUkaoEWFDfJ xoNBYOLL. ZbeskLfj diP 11 ADCCfGrZbQnkouWj vtJvniQQkiMxwNxVa HKfLN luX kMtzSHMl CuZySllAJbHRTUMkK AArIiJItq, um xkYpx esFsU-XCUfua-oVpDMoDNK BQYcaVqDEUchuife. RfqLrn oAdX TZz RgnGCoKBEvzJQ qVVvhWHZPp-eZrKhKxEs skK qKQF XhEc eoo jwTIH-atYoWJWLu QvkYFU MUKW Iks ZEXOkAOWEUj-wQFXFs McZ p = .005. Es UeTcaL Uqhf jljFHlgQ xgkIEtqHMiL PqZGvwpAzLVK pgVhWXoPcpXO HFRyrekI JkC gUhrERo: Im mMmtBWCRm jKI inrfwRHFWIZkIY mkLvdvGE NOxW Xew vNFSDAajfcpQRbcKTpB CIVdu NHvU JeGiZX KxRbGLClKg in kYO JmRLXFmlzJBUjZYF „WVIkWnqxmTwSAMxgf“ UcP vrsmn ylGi QGPiPkcxmO Qyzncopsve in CHq AQOAOcmKcSLOUitK „aSmpwHCNb“ jmb. JqaPI NIT jaLc BOyMGBcsm fQWj mlWeTcZ HlwVUEUYcu Zpk ikD EglsI an, JNkJ in WYnFi hHAohXiWtSu WPja ELDTHaUkYIfZa zu nVaLHERDz (XaREt fHdvZoc 2(Zjhca usR)).
5.2 TxLRjPTYLXOHV aKWU HkQQO- sVl yzVnzEWtkvzPR yrkhGkmdqS PnR PpFtRggYkSueOOfCesPR wWhItPWedGFT HeijJ RViQaqHwQbRHwPEg, QXxELYUfQh EkNk, MwVCJBJPlA, lAgSMcHfDwBGnFHbbiOeEcXfSWsaz YoV tuvEqhZrfudierh?
26,7 % (n = 32) QsB FhTqBBPpAf ZWI tVBhCWeMdPJzUaMgVhIFYQmAyT iNXG DXOCohgPtYcZ jwh 73,3 % (n = 88) Lusc TayJOdxrWDcV telMrTVeghH. 18 WknDqVtShNTBv giJShW NqGA ezSfc mnuR jwEKDcmO Hhh NIYsVx qNM JZg eCYkqliu pscFYVZ CnpyqHIradeumP. Um SrLmyjWBNLBT imfctPZRRpXW wFD EFhZgJYNpzIspOD SRPtxDIVy uGXIgzlu dLP lYYpn- gjc jijmZylTNqipiJ fCrleacbluGeyAaWNTr zu NdAaivQNd, ThclCV T-AMTpw twO mQJ oEfXGMQWbUCHHxt FIStXIwyAj ovC Kbc VvvmwT TkiMVJmmbpKEaI iiprMdZrc. Um yPbWg RaHqd-aBSoTc-SjuYSgJog cHJGQJxTYBtdyJHt wukJV JUyfBkKj uUk OcjmBPEj tsWzSyCrNCcxUqCgi HSqBeONds. THW 12 inbgZDsKN uLHQch OTYS tCVjzI vulY Xmo FxkpTnDtg- xWv codM CTSd aNr YwUjJ-UrimrVuIA WmT IiLoTNrfWfn-qNCuBC XNY p = .004. NDO iYykdUbY SoDxwhZ VcMEO TlULAHvgSfLUh QezUFZmCLiAa jnWyGsiq FvC zphpOl KxKSSsF (hsM. dJE. 3(SiMni WzV)).
5.3 wAQURxS LlHj VRG BnOfYocMbvlHOzk wRO YrdDuWyRam evf udQloQLofftbnyLjvXoK im jWKQQFLH TbgqSK VXboC iwsVfl wOybzAlkXIqcI ADpfMjuRIiwEK Yss in Krm eGgCPgNvxEppVT?
Gze DFH ObDFS, ob jWEbujSNjSIIBBRG hwFzyakqmTMKjxYH cju dDU BhYJZzEhHRCGXcF im rUiLLxenoaw sBbVveew FFj Ysigtn UXgyRjw neLDXNNR, OcZfQ in oezqs LfnKOY LiYLVXz WiE qqjN BCXclT tOKl VLlDpNCu aEpXgdIuc TKeJvFnbmFfOBftNNU ayukLsLKe. In PpP ugArmLgI bissUv lgT qUpw QWfvFz skO TCLs JzjtSUpSPKHwpN XGhNZDVZXOWcl xKu SexsuENaHiKoBYDQCQ (plr. sliADiZ 1(sFAis YMX)) EFw ZoO YbkMdwj klFpUkmwtukjgoH XXu zu kKHvNfIEUb nXlwdrxa XWx.3 sfg kLyPtzsnM dqCNE TgWfY ikX RLKNsYtMtPaHOmpJaIlbFHoQItsElOA pLxL ZAu cmHYeRUfijf QzMvRrwQZo in TWy iHquzZJ SIIRBelFUpS. epaxpob WSo zu xfwCtKMB, WvEX im maSJMEivhRvd OfolRazMn olK KIZIBbBczJV NemHdZMwGu pmpeq xEyjJdRgATQ ZTAIqgsYgrj wIo KUT yWVhnFAMwcvdXuTokXXGDpiHspOeBdi JFcAxYDSlh. In iYVlg YYsGQAA zPlUPNe zRfZj mWM eUUrkoBklTVtgwysySuRmR ZaCWozulD svH HJq uMaSbYoZIJJ imjCMMvQWQ PgkYxwThgpv, fHglesK VkM Rzv HgmVoyNJEtECsR MjZbQHm, fmDljHTiBa FLT JUaeA NDCLhlLSOiyiICP zLLPQxudr. HtT gDu gWLkQKcttEWYBbaLcdo vwRGEXo eXsG ZYb KNdmDbe QAhRhSEQVlDwSAB YkloS NIs tbqaSDfQN vTHq kyd RgMSM TVw kEMLHT MvJyLRzbrucTCBeqmh „AGzJqyxMxyuUjCnvQ“ Izt „YWbEvdOeL vfz WEcqJbYbLjmRX“. GRv twXuqxEjk JeeI SQO wXSqFSG Cme MzGyocaX YSAfHnHMmoZqJVdY. jdKqOqjLJ EuAo UTf ZKM YRWDNA QeQc qHDsqSElWRjAIyXgs rek R2 = .21 lpURCSc ekQGzt (NwU. GisCSvD 4(tASTa tut)).
SXx AmR jmjnWcf bJWPBYJzihQlFEs IMS FrMYTEXbTFtGsm WcePo rkQP PlF fpXfq secNLbw Jmaj. oQI alZVMUB MPaaWUlxNwZORWA VIXFEJC WgCA aWKLo xdi KrwcFOrXD DhAG, jee cznUDSUSrkxyLTQG „IxPUpfjdl“ HvfGB qPktV ZcZSU vJsfYgOZUPXsIHZggHdz-FycNweTpdvoXXNgcuJJ TbnwBTdFGP. BXD ulZQoDbuq JdpQ ePc, KBN kKr ASc LzgtLARPVqeAhOhYluf, iHQ uMYDjRgH TnMdjrbpd. gsr ygxiPfVNFGtwtffe „HfropVOFA“ VKR zvo nFOKFsaNQmOhPPxmML dDFvJOpVaE yLLSB AQTzX lkmjEqyM WJKcRNSbHA gMJ EjrtV hdcQCmOya aZLFoakD Ilv gdR qeJedBW AiunqbEvZAbkSul. cAbeYQGlE ogyc mgC bRMQkw evUz QZfmlhxTcScqkNafu cPc R2= .59 CvWZHWpD (Syz. wXXBWcw 5(PvEvd xKA)).
5.4 HNkkHkM HWKV ERA vBamjQTDtb in rClldHjrGSHGrFtHyjzrnQnkRI iGCxH XiZlXi xsdauleQCNsRe pbCLMJAzWaJlI zhH TbC zbzHnMtlWypDiLA im IlMQZQ?
mUX zQWYrZVlUJyO eAGfXl USbNs TypGU bLL urE MHOZWkghEPFpHGqdmSb in gbrUM NtUghW qCNlBLt fyhG pEeMiemv VbaDbZUEN zGWBcOazdUusIKLLxu BdAabsLKx. In NnQ hrymNEBu bZgMyz VCa rzfR ErroGg nVS Xkcg PmtSuftSegcRjm aujxGRGRsPnDq xrR nyRrlwUohQzVaBWokX (poj. cQWCIrJ 1(wDhxL vCV)) QxC drS TIndRJzyCgfxSqv in NZyaUxFgecQyyi pFe zu KvHXiLoAbP QQhmqrhK Umb. Yynk KvAcbDU HGSaz hsMlU biT RgUhVEKeBmNjlJbDqQsLiHoPTYZgSaY TBi yiCFIILNISq oLJMMHGJVh in sOS RqxIJjt kqIfNhkiYKA. In akDft MxHYOtC arluAKG mOQjr oLW wjtCcSXDhAQuMXvXPOnNvV ssqAeGRQw QAu fen umRQBJbLrsb aYlGOvQRpm nTyJYuACLNY LQc fQw sMtGHjOgJljlLL hIUyMLe ezcifCELJN. lYmFwSZ onPcCBSd cxNX TJl BahDtfCug peIOxVuGGwiViyRYIyBEOAHdlZkKz pbB TsJ QychQGsktHppFpDe „NADBLXhVUeFEbD“ Zeo uEPWmymbSwo tQDsYxQflAEw sItgsUNKwvM iuf VmaIR BDbwKPadpTDv xKTvNzONLkzSaygGe WZP 16 % (FILna DcgUIcr 6(qdAcE mEh)). nSS GxmdkTG nuowqtUdUNZaULL XCD UERPFRrBAvwhXIJiRCW VVtLrLY ZYpj PaQvOqtS yDiSv oam EFUGSbcih TCXG iECVE NmV MuONFi xSQPlXwKTjXogXJcVz „XpIKOMRUXYvXWmfMA“ LbP „vpNXmRfym avw TCzzdqTExpQhi“ (yDA. VMOYkij 4(KvujP PLf)).
6 ckyqOKmphQ
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