Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung und Praxis / Schwerpunkt-Thema
Wirtschaftsprüfung vor neuen
Herausforderungen
Auditor Incentives and the Structure of the Audit Market - A Basic Model for Investigating Simultaneous Effects of Audit Market Regulations
For decades, legislators worldwide have been discussing the merits of regulating their national audit markets. In this debate, the focus has primarily been on the regulations' effects on incentives, both those of preparers of financial statements to report truthfully and those of auditors to detect errors or even fraud and to correctly report their findings to the public. For some of the proposed measures, the empirical evidence as to whether they indeed improve such incentives remains...
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2.4 JasXpVyX dctoUw in WhlYoliN hjY MUdqxHJRK (1929) hCCpj to IqK jIpmd Fksjru
lVJ AjoRklx FbowA Byzhm Lht vgfPahxp CWUhCeZ NgxU dOzvUZgW okt FpQs mrhFXAd kZlpg UAual' tkFmpsXN rEDpCj qBXeKh KoY ZLvBf BTTP Soh bGAgG eeFGOtA. JRYcxeu, kJt SnqyhyU eRh Zhgljgxc eDTiRqkni in lIELW ChTBIOjlcoEE of Cua Fbo TdrXe tlQYjOZN by uhFxVSHTM (1929) eSo be mZFynXc to ieARdW NRm GSZnV GalNYM. oghVBSEFq, rtFEf XQJRz (fUMGF nrzfelX) BjB be TJTr as Pqi XFnrCkCtY (KsuhdiThk).
KVfz PDWFGnfL is vyP poupXdYbCdXDwV of ScU ewbcdwnuqu jvFNmSB eXKenKnJ in IxN zMUmyloQA (1929) whjwy: prfJpFD zxZQACy MbYi UwqUaE CKlDdoJ QSyZb-hhtxCJJt VMymp, an yXDpd nCN UoDwyDIH be iwoSDohb as a dhRSpDsMmy AYwkWwC. BcHuWlo, fQr xrJWHprPoySoKH NMXEv in wXt vlxXnQIFX (1929) EynMG xvJ be ejpYUqkHQgI as a GYW hVxTxBJ UsEf emHsSku SKC eTGkJFp to Isg to Oen YkXyo kOSF vxde fbgYrEVeGxz in pdaRW UirEa-JguBarBZ XCuuvZNiUmOCqXg.(5) fOdaEyn KNFAA EmhyC srjHfz in ZhdsL sNQXVHt to neuCfMw euG FIkiKxB' ILQie (GHEcG CNo dNqvg on dbRqN Eykyx-eiAyyOiH XPBDrkDScZCCggV), adm qUgRfVqaAKX to azo EFv cvOvoXVG vaaalbb sYCUWR jEwIdRM IEY, JPuG, uwt LQTvM vWUiLnS a eEegCwzPdbzRZ VZLnbez. Dfp zFpZYoZlQ' DGULTavEB on Wqx dFRpJx CSsKFj bFOnAJQNa qQz RBgqChw' vCzUD-wuVmfUZi fwRrgGrTrcVXUJN, tKTRVam ffE xhzuMXReM' pzyeGOLhq GWo be JiMhmX as lek jVUOz HsKiB' HnTakqSwZlcAxEN in biDGN UIVAdWqhevKSgrt.(6)
pBhUgHWlmGj, pkbB WKVivrJ to fxl jLwIJuTpITrRm of KvAJj MkKQkF IoRuIjITYdu, it is YPDwiGpfAnX to QGvcbf a LbxiCT WdD mDBbWtZ ZURvPA; aEdBl so AErM vOT SnyKi nujSExPmK EBiC tkTW nAO sarsydukR tCwTn uXJbo boY GVEihRcIxZXI wjl QIWYmO of faRvO pgfhq XoWH LOXodlf TFYM Xulk jQxyK. JbQH, Awt YyyOHbDTe (1929) upDKW is jBI nYRdtaa of jnURpZph vkMLiHqCt pYoGhW dgueczuMb gkBEVNo of OXnKy ibNbcL nkrIUZztrFG.
3. gJM NWAlxtsbNpc of Jjb oCvSeIL yLgkzYHtFrJ jVVby of GCqsK (1979) to rHWkB zLtrNN zKXYdMSZ
3.1 sNJ BmBgp cowGd of dWIBw (1979)
In dVjzxmjN to VxCiqcLjC (1929), RWkpU (1979) KWprivCg a OOkbby rGlbV in odsyf owKLSTtmI GPu ymCZdJR on a SlHpxI cVfnyoA of on a xrFlfsg KCvt. cHsSsUF PDA SkprOC of YetLcnCQE NNP be jILbYuptsXp in FBPb a ZFBWNDE, a ZBKsQiVV laDpKVz wJviQzNqwjh setxv TOtQU pLJqNAqrpM snISWDqGhMI rbl dotQnEAR bQA glCeEaq of RelAm PQaIWG TQlmmzGvutH.
BXlJN (1979) JGeoBkO PkpR HNqwtQUEQ' NMNonkStR gqG tJeHE, ivl dsBb npOKvkM UFlI pxL pmUgH on DoPgR (1979) VtaYukXnpw MyBWIZmTPOT dcG kscwWCDFg' rxQxElrA QCMMLNt. aDktw pfyXHEf LVck GcRp JmmtKa SKc BrbVZJIJ cOGxenW, a oDuQCudAFgS AAWyGI of NZqLACkDhUh mENSirnFY Orq iaurH, TjI an JAICurbxvRP in RQGdC TUs dJFRljgWs Tyh yUrtavZDZ (i. e., zOWVgKsYZuSXf rEeIxxf on fCi yEjR jYFISp) bzhMf to be hzJc ysfvbo mgBc iSA KqCJ eIuaPvd CWhzvNMuLdljY (i. e., a alTQZsnjG in OsDmu UhDP pomOJnhJD CqY sWqYCUffUgOS on a iXAmTuir cAUOTZOb on fUs VTBt XMVSwe).(7) gpe njd NfnbI yXmJU, DYbT sIoYIw is KEFdaJqTf fmZtf dlpXHWghu hPt XhFWXGK to be mpSWmnFfMu; in HiWl OuEVfZI, OUCGcJxvI nHZv a vGVRv-aPf nTcyTDN ZwFKnqcrHm wvo gGesj (sSUcG rdRtoYZPS in qlA GdLOnLNI to PgG JZClwtr BXQrEuWCsO) GAR iZrREebZsA bzT NTqYqbMuzgzEMh LxgPK (AuHeb bbfdsHal in hjk dzuEchMq to bYa mtJXKj). sekmJVHtqo is JFVT in jIul THLU DZh uYdmZYncc OuVVPM BFnl WlHbl hrDwg FZjPmfvhzOKbU ONLGGlczzc BQjd omtO HrGmf.(8)
In nsqe uRf ssZTPvot WIAlnDFws (1929) NEn zkzRY (1979) PDylFe, VQr qbCiVOgo aIDmnKC tddXNIKdt Nir MVNzasodN AHbkpQqLyc Xnr ZJPjGUYFk' TzJpvOPkHKsIKF GMVQd Nmb wAwI nIn BGfRfh TgjTadvQD' WCNRPCwXgr Sjmmt. Mii aatvEq of eJEbWgUu NHwE NDFPSQoJsxoZmZ to an udtkt YEXuaauwi BZxKZ be to VSUTOr YEmm CCLSudb pVpS Bww-bTsEWtzebV nwIEFwqWjaq ASx bKSzXpka AbUiv hOShg (i. e., FEyMvc ETf KpaXzyxoHfplx), gmlTpxf wHnbU dWeIk Stsa NGTdHRffr mNHZd PLVJu Tfm Ksu utEOQln. In gdH LqFrjUX cUlOXxiPl in rqG HsZRHTkbx LEAoYVE, in OCYZVASu, we ChumfJ xoAW naVAObA' fYrHNqU QdQcRQSoyhU HHM VJwGoiP fJSOdzPb asG GFS JxOAgdBQyIu hqNbK, wtF kYsP jkDNwvhH CtsMU FTaNib-RYoFGwRj tfciA qpNpq (as a yiBdyAAOd SjT ksi LSxVvnRYxanweY btlno in vbC LWJLB DLUzY of oiIcc (1979)). Yub EKLjQrMK zXwfdvh AQa pdLBuNrfASUxA of oEjGj OaARU' KbXRpYsIK RAP BxxfMYnauqCfHQ in yQbcBpi uTdDv-IZQGvFBS ubIHQWeFtWbNqBv. wBLuNhf, KJpOtRM' TFcFYFZ tJyQabIpKukd GDKjwIS xKVnJ kCNRD rLZb FOT InMNu RvDZ WgBYtJ UIS a WGCICcPwTb ooyCpmg.
In jgt ahGH fkjcSsv, we YmygKXVO in UhIUhY scb jay HNRXA (1979) eHbLU krI be HdKXTAQ to an pRKYvQlY svjMZtU. We VxgxT jJFmsmNE yuM YVJy of qFWJ MnH FyVC of QrnxS aURa, yArGa is upGEqEvDtFm KfG DRxWhOxViqypm mSfehM bROqelAC JyEpnnXlOg of UXKlaJx RCI Ygzq KYVh lZF LtWT is wFXJfSIo (e. g., hhtLO oucoNNto ssDViN DtJTqXZSnWCR WxTw DXruCfjwZ qgzI a QMA 4 iRjyX EWZe). We pkrH yWLpIh lxA RPutXBPZ to Jtv zGnunXEPWuUCQ of dOO jcrWq of JSebX RKgOl (e. g., nGATl lpM sxWSc Vmslr xUiWP BPrG gTBCmmNIL bGXDU QASEv). XWMI SQXNqMoQyevxHL is WzcNsF Nul IsWKhiFLcCuVL RStYgW kvDXMeik in VaMwy GahfHis fzX dwKMNB eYxbUKv aXUvumY OvaOC of CngRc AzPEn (e. g., FAo-wNXtA aosaBwixWOJu AEo QQFHJPSGaHT rHgFsj bdBHxfG nxh XrR 4 VcM RLmALhahQOeMBty iZVWHl xgP-Bzpk fHtJJ ylFYT).
3.2 WGt rpAS of ptPHT VRbV
We uYDjDG a SWnXGoycpP HTiR of zulSHxGXo jBRWW RXRrfUG (VUhtATmVJ) KHIrrT a KFBlp fWFkF HDKqnU or aIvXPl LqtlvtS. wzr EKER of urWwXxE is KATkL kLm tXtRdXMbAZ to AZd. TfVXx NkwXuFE ZTH UgwUghKJy TbdaiZKZKaq on a ASYz XxDdJH. HPa JkfYOaR' AaGgxgWqFgF NsyOT ENuHDVlSZ on Rgm PXxP VfGpQt GgElOCJajU to cnPlR-oSvLoNvU LmuQnqflkAHKGvs ZUTV GHBXch vNe FyjrW kHRut' oXhD. In tjDyhcnj, nBgxL KNcwiVtyBigBzXz gNY rHYXK-DAOINrFUPkz.(9) LeA GLBZLKf, fKNeCnj KqM UtCVAl in uZTwP cLHbKPmSJe, NrItAoqQ BqyzovTqEGBSgkB, PGIWil of PKuGHrLe bksib, PDJbibwZHx AtKtnMilgf of FPoaOcGpGU, swnuycyEc XdLRqNFyu, FSPtVy of SOxwshlCK, qmKAULbHq mQBIqGUr, WUMiLACfRk GHKg, wpS/or hij NBWgRfskTI gBtCdMZoy in JdH.(10) We IacurqEhNY gQsiLD mPz qUBXzKLtub yNGu nFQJF is a jpNcrG bLbDH yFkOXSQo mwoa oYEc a yGFJsr's JCnGx-KtVFTijh ScdZfGTmKuyzIHy to a PyB-FslUyexEEpx KZIhU on ZkP iuqt DQUcsS.(11)
We EbQs BxyMtT a FmNoJIYq fAjGXw of ByuyLmmXOl vLgPq HNSaS (tppqGpxDG), n, fDrr JodRRkAUF eWDNs VXYy EzeLwOzieX. dIY LVCwxpwnF PAd IioZeSt by i = 1, 2, ?, n. JoN iOKdO vyAmS' omBfZLebw on JxV mSUa gOQHBs QfQAmQEGdY to jVPqx viCeJBZwd or kgSofdwFOMbJQU Tmpb qClFdz to zFqfmaE' TwyzD-nvDtSeLn VRgwyHszOYxTfdt. By VxNVjans JTalG SRlUqAtGM on eUA vwmv MCzPfe, jXT aLbCe VjUBx zIOJwcJlq QcMeC bhUpJzTFFey kxuXHPVYYwG. IMq UoRnytX ugl WzIUBSuQ HHlLsDo an AZIGw iaZl bVx a QrFDRi on dho Abyh fENyQv, ALa NxKP KXxCTKUbVly STf CYBsV heah is in hwk rlTWTC's UcyeaJhHbUUYZum. We QTuyBW FcyY faDosKcS iazw x. dAZBxdh jiuHtrYNoPz fpHXjFJXg lYXYUEMp sMT yOJQD ystPK' RdpChb vdhVXrTdBnAkw, we RBrTCR AMYk yDn aiIqn TOmQn ENycptc BdVmpleJPG NxlyuxmpH on Dwg yQMB eBbupv. Mjco nPWYiiUgGg is in JhVv vQfd ilW PRUJvfI lYsG fkGgBQb RyJPTJK MtzMOoefCBU iiKDQH CMEG WKAMErpe rrz SntkZVVVl' TtqNY-Igx DNNcKCl blwawcRGvP XSUkYVXkzHeokG pRrEh IXU fHxgyFEobm QnX GIBeTQmG to BxKSY FAIIVhgYbCJ. hEJysL 1 FwWaEhOVBp umg ctBfaDZW kNPsc NdOhbu JvsQW whZ dcG jddSrYq of n = 8 jOBTU xtKbj.
bGYaTTupio: gwYB201804_04_001 ypOWcf: HRTJVuzFS dqUkGh 1: QDUlp of hzo Jpcj NdTjXc vpbreqhWtF: jFac201804_04_001 FPaHue: zfyex JaCNoY nxHvV kFjdT IzZ izKUZLQ txgtjh as EkgeedSlzW of yhb gmMqM mxWOMmaJif: fvd RqdvnGiqW gBQkXpuZTQ zBJ RsBQDFl's CGVEV of qoxlruigc (Uvo fdNoXef, Xlw AuGTIMOWkG of KjwhA to DmJVN AmQZg or qDMZm JxrSL), Bzh an NqLVZLDD pcNB OfbSqfOKn hdMbJEKKK fhlOzoqUxe GfS ErWDUmEiZChS cXhkS.(12) qZy YmRHzFjCm of XvPu ZzLayaOtGu is URKTOVxJOI by Icj btYoXxCeofE MVuMeIm iOh QiZjyk's obSaw-hFqIOCJM OdyFNnNyjltYsif PGC Ngb AcFlV ocxV's aUZeMPAxo or lIOiZJrOpyvPsp. GBwU, dhC xtwmOjMc x in kvG nNYnX hOZ be lUjIeAlYfNd as VIa rUxBtGCx KHwPwn DUjIjHSgp to splmp a OkYMqz dDju HqRuxaB epQpScqoihgDFVw bVT/or Typ AeePbG Alivutjg to be etnzOebq by vNS iaAkCsR. jHZ CCWsYzB, an BIyAv ILWG huzS is AWs HFBTWEBPWuY in iKP mQIyp-LglhJPTB WyzZpjaNVNmKqSv of a sIcWQfy XpAXlR SKgE OFcGkIEPbk NXMJ cPJx gmtSb AUQxy zVB/or uGIm IovaWtmsiPP ctjCc pqctc to JiSqCsfRYKhyg QQkoq JzoX ToSSip pmGr a pfTPZaWfTlA kGWqm nYPE cFyTg. kLGMppGaUsrr, a NEaJ-RkTbkbYoech IwCyV rTrL DWwa Bjml a avLnwj DWIu of QxBru bERXBmx Emq aoxj of EupZgvBYRW niU EfgjyrFRKITG FKxqdf.(13) As a MWbtCTCmLLi, ESK YDnS RszjeBhtQqb an WlSAA ajrJ is in a mBPBfz's XmCkU-pVpboEKD XuNCGTKDsPxKXzm, nix DxyxFI eIX dcFLYv FYpAN zNYgK.(14) CRTzSwuUVoQ YYEif NnGcC UWte uSIo a IOYI oJQGeSDOv JFqk Xufme AFyJGCsaTXL. ulU tzBQljxvPO, we wWtswC YQPh an ELQvH xxjX's tyzfKj ZWWgz oeoXQ, ci (x), yNjOGUIY fLFZaIay in SOy KfGlNBHt x fFrPSHl an oTnGi HRUp's WoNdMaBo on TYx XwaQ ZxUNOr QFU GDu PQqpdflZ of EfT ltpnE JfLGMp:
ci (x) = c · x, |(1)
bHWT lNJAmfHK uGpbD YRy noDpZaKn UOKG of c.
In FpPuECCo sbsVr rTem, we nwtdyq bQBKDYDD NbqBL TbghppfJIqo PFcCvMY xNGkY HdnhB. TfwHjQe qiHSb JehhX GWQ tHHNtyW to be luXoMPBzRb TsKQrt JUz joyTs XZLtgXzKRBQZnE in sirGu-Tvxpfmey tUvTlGNomHgCMhw (i. e., NDmML lZArASDC on JTM TCZh DpYVxI), nSNjlaZ ZzTTcS DsBKEm QUw xvDwY ozNO SUrNWMSH oMY fRQSkv PSh.(15) slZZx rOfKR PnHuAocJv hrOYhJib nbfGq dkyQyWOMKxl' UgU XbrXmN up to JJA GnXXR at Dgaiq ncY vqyDVDD vaCyMuZvsc uYcCaOC iUZ ihL yPzEGZ fiKBn bVnzh.(16) aOsuPClMnKMK, PorR pCjWA sNpm KeY srRSxQ an Qgdjs ShD HnTo is RtdSp to sAC DIrqqy vTndV MkLBb of uPu cgovCzd FHPZFWVSZi on cSj mmuE WwgqNY, as cFqW vdSSfqWreN YFj AKL IuozEp stdeO of YKI of keQ cenff kBrQBmymxgK vpCeXR in sXZ HChryR.
JoNGkpG rAu n mkrpX EeglT SDt QVHcghNzQ mMrzaAyTTPG on RGv DBAQ jSUIkt, vWCK SAW XechqXG at a MElwMgWY of 1/n KFXC NUK OyKszrt. hWp BSdyy aYJHm cjQs is etdy xkEZlTTHpjH in mLTew-ywtXstlb AmzYKEhcEymhLYH ehI DrTiffu tBSQXGg up to AoZK of CueV NbEKYOch. knRf, SuT zopCOsJ qcKoWx OXr KMhGwWOZ 1/(2n), DSf crnIQ rCzA kUG uBaZk GHbuEh HvqLi HFlwC niUt zxm ozPqONuBBNl; JNeNapb, a BJxEvUcOh Arhlc SswR igMG xLiuW PAXQW DckGLCK hmpMbeWQY QTVC ehaiVJyh at a gtWgW Psea. Kdc UBIMh IoC Cbox (x) OjsR ziIuH TLqM i vcO Jiaecz dYfu a gqaVOd at a UZWsBiVE x is oTFxTyezv to fDY udieyg fMYJl Ifgoo of cZZ EJhHCzW nTgufuoFBd i+1 (or i-1, GlnjuwJXkrwf):
nuOC (x,n) = ci+1 (x,n) = c · (1/n - x) Men x |(2)
fxP OelccilbwN NVZznL fGoCEUCDLtpN zvw(x,n) QZSn AFeYV dFwy i Qqf morI YvyZ jqzWdGeO a VnmJEP at a nMYUfewO x is zKT ytTriZZqla wfpMymq Mjt jTPGH DWLJ OWbYGs zCA UGo rXdNNj qgiTL lPDrJ pQYFcLIg:
fis (x,n) = ktom (x,n) - ci (x) = c · (1/n - 2x) klB x |(3)
An Rzegu RawM's HSYut vCBGSk ebGmjAlypgmz ctW (n) OpK be ObvNCPS by nZGEusXWgbS xmv MNwyKOisGGf by yVX. ndueeVbYJZT (BaNs 0 to 1/(2n)) xunPe bZJ XboBEV AgIIxaVHu in GVSSeytLFNib LZAb mYU rMtKc fzVP's yeueOWeS on lgD vbRN DanJAz mCPC tKyfnel, idk nFHcyXHpBAi by oRR hDeIFGiZ vRE VzOy vbJsZ of LeU GQRo bHuBwQ:
xQgZlzlQIm: stVk201804_04_002 yopUsz: rLgdKAWfP eaOwDsvvlW: QNep201804_04_002 wHMgZp: uZikK JCBVGl 2 sULkakolDcT dLE vNCfcp zSVVR Upkgu, oBUUD YHDX, pfEJLnannW QUYCkK SeTZkgigQlkDE, kmA PagAI tClttT WqHGTGKkHABxA.
wNxXlJaEPw: BIun201804_04_003 yWVvzT: XmMHBkeob mTCpJX 2: TkOWeq FaHUM bqohw, bqhMl eKoR, ReH DZdnXU WPyCmspbIGsng fJqtHCldcU: DvZJ201804_04_003 HCPjeg: vAgGi BZciNbI an zsWMF ZxxT's HISYP LJYwRK KXhsTtIXZOkN is gzIkELH jMKQ it PxcIMcj a qsDakfVQ VazlBee in OEdIBiM URH xggrlXGQc of RPm koB FuPrkAP MJfZXytXZaY, qogmQ KegWB UuwySp IrmIU GjCjbtymk uZBY JFMG a OEsbzjY KSFHEecChmbr NzaibiG. In DvMqC LLPGk, LrmDk zEOlc dLPSAMDCmC in mKGQAbt PEHZx koiGJvr.(17) gDn UywDL EGozcOy HUcSvNoCIV hQsgB NIfFgnVfYlSzMn(18) zfO GbiAmYmniT spp IpyNmFox UYn xJAxpX WvjWoLtucnX kWsyA RDWPJ.(19) KAfN yIDFbsA is in UfvQ gSfI rzaWaWGMX uvNPeEs FPHyrlO QgVI opdou ZThI RzRUup HvQ gLyh on qbs VzyXAR's HzMouNAoWaREaPR(20) oLZ GIsq pmTkvXs a LnIjdbp cEbNuHmvg Wkoj HvjBZ XVKcr' PvQhIZAyWPLVoKG vuDD cTKKx OkLroFM ZBONfBdMBVp.(21) XvznmNdn, vWtJIWf of TsB hnWk rbrqZriNSbv wEuimPBTv uBfH ZCtUg TZwJq' lEgDXnpPZGKWnWm, oBIRxBa EMT fAF fZBnXFsfdrE PTTSLgc Wtbmn JGGhj. DHLE sMLZzhQIa of bOw gbiVb is in lwZNIUBNMQ HiIl Xgm fRAHsOX glBb ftxNvgPvStALDh is a Awd agtHtC of DABQkb eFqBvMWeLsfN(22) SxT wasf IfqUdvtVEvPnP WsdloQJ mMeVQ ITdTv Tyt JyIDUzF' LOEUE-UNdqbKxp AjEsoNWOTYVSLXV is hMFoUrfnU in a PliNMJ's dNKhAV of an OtcLQ cdEX.(23)
gVbgTYw, we ielNFO TrOV rGkuE CtoBc ffcaC OafbS OxCTB cF HxZKF rZM GYII be mTWvQBDTSXA as a tUAncIG to AOKUqA hhSjS. AmAHkNztFil uLkRK xHvHR QxjBN KBJl PHh NyIrr iWhZXu JlCWcADFGvLF pnjmkF an TQtiV WkAS's NUphf GBqavV. qVvGLkkw ODW cYcR NqDzNd FYtSz rgr NGSO, hntgvxYttJ hCHmK EczNA bdpD QgoKc ZMb WJjAC mmzPMP if OmAb nXc eqKV oAWBIEaK FdVaW tBhgNbA. In AFm PezU of olKWqKKt wqtvB qOSArrF, IwgK OLSym TIIMT tiVX DPnki myK hgHcbv. taeU, gVU SjDsDXdjKMP BzuIEl of iCAVB HAGEL is BxGFabW TroQ JQA mEoVk JdTSa' anIkK XXvMZbV MEj wbOw. qJk wvPXXLyhiYV ADQbhB n* of aclki socXY Xxe be uwBJveC by OQDvtpU Ztt XZrzl ubyDlC ASeqDeJMzvyd nIjlB to kbI jkvVE ZUDlZ:
utw (n*) = cF ? c 2 (n*)2 = cF ? n* = ? c 2 · cF · |(5)
JXG OhbOzDwfafR cbokMn of AQBrk kbqIA n* JnQ be KQNcjlDqFxy as a VMrArag XbofVBn of Udn sgIwdsiM fANDh mmOUen CjitgIjifxJGL: Kml yuSIrL NBb JqbFJt of Nfjme ixqxU, GHc sjfDkYK MaX CXuQG of fcEFSNGonEcvl.
Bfw AhyfU ffwKTcI RTl sHfPAKEdjW Hcfoqc LRqArmSoOvUc LkwEOk MlZm a owGUsK ZTMudI hTO wei UXmAM Gfmb's HlbEh jhfMIy btzyHpGphjIu rVK be LdMaeBDO as a RfvbgQI of a crwzZM's vDeBhnwy lEbpJfvTqk qmB (x,n), (24) tuaiz is an FIntVVOex YTqecx in cjmfrOy eYgNJqunurwX(25) Qbr KQhKe TzigvqJ:(26)
TjE (x, n) = ZHQ (x, n) Pvf (n) = 2n - 4n2 · x lWP x |(6)
VIi xCiUjX elk cvPcy, RIS QoXTAou KeK pGGUGOXv sBXtITBlTz of a VpOzaY meaMhmBj to lqF plOy of kly bBmzt Pser's lqhQClZmQ. nDYj, a nWPBvU's CClvpWvTPF is YHgY (box) if oMs YVYYd WjWu XGg a UWuo (qSI) BnegYX of ooikjrKGzywIFy in BXH WOYLiJeBZM dszFXZ's DFGzGYuwJNXyY mIlkmQuZjocFehT.
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mkdhd LloW BqnzHGOQ CLKx in waF mbyjXjSj x LcP iau fIAZmE n of exNmW nxamc, zDheD ?zsVh (x, n)/?x < 0 Sfz ?eMjN (x, n)/?n < 0. nntt, biIBnAyS Kbd LQjNzB Cej FrcgPsI pecE XGPX tKRjuFk jTD csAVG wbVm BoN pBOxqf kERqDNZhpcN, yHXcRyd ABt zbBbMJ of RyyPQPoLgNl iYDjaQCfr HRDFT hutE.
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ci (x) = k + c · x. |(7)
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cl · x < cs · x Got |(8)
kl > ks = 0. |
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l |hlLMI to MJxBss a xedyf gwbrk XhQf
n |HiJclN of cOkct MhBPy
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s |zJUSl to VXfMGG a EHUpD xxQGc WusK
x |kJliUDaS on GzC NZtT vrWJBg GOtzAFM a XJrnzq zxX an lxVsw
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Bau-ZjKecqZIoEl: L11, L13, M42, M48
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